Upstream stimulation versus downstream stimulation
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Upstream versus Downstream Implementation of Climate Policy
This chapter examines the tradeoffs of regulating upstream (e.g., coal, natural gas, and refined petroleum product producers) versus regulating downstream (e.g., direct sources of greenhouse gases (GHG)). In general, regulating at the source provides polluters with incentives to choose among more opportunities to abate pollution. This chapter develops a simple theoretical model that shows why t...
متن کاملVertical Targeting: Issues in Implementing Upstream versus Downstream Regulation
Regulators face a choice of where in a vertical chain to set environmental regulation.1 Regulation that targets upstream sources of greenhouse gases focuses on firms producing (or importing) coal, natural gas, oil, and refined petroleum products. Downstream regulation may directly regulate pollution sources (e.g., motor vehicles, farms, and power plants) or perhaps focus further downstream by r...
متن کاملUpstream and downstream of mTOR.
The evolutionarily conserved checkpoint protein kinase, TOR (target of rapamycin), has emerged as a major effector of cell growth and proliferation via the regulation of protein synthesis. Work in the last decade clearly demonstrates that TOR controls protein synthesis through a stunning number of downstream targets. Some of the targets are phosphorylated directly by TOR, but many are phosphory...
متن کاملMaking mesoderm-upstream and downstream of Xbra 219 Making mesoderm–upstream and downstream of Xbra
The mesoderm of the amphibian embryo is formed through an inductive interaction in which cells of the vegetal hemisphere of the embryo act on overlying equatorial cells. My laboratory is studying the Brachyury gene, which plays a key role in this interaction, being both necessary and sufficient for normal mesoderm formation. In this article I describe our attempts to understand how Xenopus Brac...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of the American College of Cardiology
سال: 2002
ISSN: 0735-1097
DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02008-9